للاشتراك

Jul 3, 2012

Tutankhamun

Tutankhamun was a pharaoh of the Egyptian family eighteen years in the history of ancient Egypt, the Pharaoh of Egypt of 1334 BC to 1325. M. In the era of the modern state. Tutankhamun is the most famous pharaohs, for reasons not related to the achievements made or won the wars, as is the case with many of the Pharaohs; but for other reasons are considered important from a historical perspective and is most notably the discovery of his tomb and treasures in full without any damage. The mystery surrounding the circumstances of his death was considered that many of the death of Pharaoh at a very early age is not normal, especially with the presence of traces of fractures of the thigh bone and skull, and the marriage of his minister from his widow after his death and the inauguration of Pharaoh himself. All of these mysterious events, and heavy usage of the myth of the curse of the pharaohs associated with the tomb of Tutankhamun that were used in movies and video games have made Tutankhamen months Pharaohs of the mysteries and questions not answer them some considered one of the oldest assassinations in the history of humanity. [1] Tutankhamun at the age of 9 years old when he became Pharaoh of Egypt and the ancient Egyptian language his name means "the living image of the god Amun", a large ancient Egyptian gods. Tutankhamun lived in a transitional period in the history of ancient Egypt, where he came from after Akhenaten, who tried to unite the gods of ancient Egypt in the form of God, the One. It was in his return to the worship of multiple gods of ancient Egypt. His grave was discovered in 1922 in the Valley of the Kings by British archaeologist Howard Carter. This discovery and the latest media buzz and widespread in the world.


Assets
The origins of Tutankhamun's grandfather King Omnhotپ third begotten of major his wives Queen Tiye his son Amenhotep IV, known as Akhenaten, married Akhenaten, Queen Nefertiti and his wife was the main addition to the secondary wife named Kiya; and which is probably the mother of Tutankhamun, has announced Supreme Council of Antiquities of Egypt in the month of April in 2010 that, based on DNA tests, known for short as (in English: DNA) show that Tutankhamun was the son of King Akhenaten.
Tutankhamun became king of Egypt as a child after the death of his brother Smonkh Ka Ra, He married Ankh Amon Essen.
Ang Amon Tut died in mysterious circumstances and unknown, and to govern after the former minister who married Ai of Essen Ankh Amun Tutankhamun's widow.





His reign
During the reign of Tutankhamun began a revolution against the Tel el-Amarna pharaoh Akhenaten, who previously moved the capital from Thebes to his new capital furnace sister queens and try to unify the multiple gods of ancient Egypt, including the god Amun in the form of one god, Aten. In the year 1331 BC. Any m in the third year of the rule of Tutankhamun, who was 11 years and the impact of the Minister Aye lift the ban on the worship of the gods.
There is a belief that the death of Tutankhamun was not for reasons satisfactory, but it may be a result of the assassination of the Minister Khپrkhپro Ra Aye Ptdberha and there is plenty of evidence supplied by the believers in this theory, for example, marriage minister Khپrkhپro Ra Aye of the widow of Tutankhamun where he found the seal of Pharaonic named Ai Ankh Sun Amun widow of Tutankhamun and also there is a letter sent Ankh Essen Amon widow of Tutankhamun to the king of the Hittites ask him to send one of his sons for the purpose of marrying her after the death of her husband and the king of the Hittites to send one of his sons to marry the widow of Tutankhamun Amon but he died before it enters the land of Egypt, and there is a belief that he was assassinated probably masterminded by the Minister Khپrkhپro Ra Aye, who apparently had been planning to seize the throne of Egypt, so he killed King Tutankhamun and the son was killed King of the Hittites, but this hypothesis and there was no conclusive evidence to prove all of these theories .
It is worth mentioning that the historical evidence indicating the presence of two ministers of Tutankhamun, one Aye that was mentioned and the other was named Horemheb There is archaeological evidence confirms that after the death of Tutankhamun received the Minister Aye reins of power for a short period to be replaced by Second Minister Horemheb, who was in his destruction of most of the evidence of the reign of Tutankhamun, Aye and the minister and this confirms to some conspiracy theory and the fact that the death of Tutankhamun from malaria that was prevalent in the south.



 
Causes of death
For a long time was the cause of the death of Tutankhamun, a controversial issue and there were a lot of conspiracy theories that suggest the idea that he was not dead, but was killed in the assassination. On March 8, 2005 and as a result of the use of imaging software Alhariha three-dimensional three-dimensional CT scans on the mummy of Tutankhamun, said archaeologist of Egypt, Zahi Hawass, that there was no evidence that Tutankhamun had been subjected to the assassination and added that the opening in the skull does not belong to reason receiving a blow to the head as it was previously believed, but were the events of this slot after death for the purpose of embalming and the ills of Zahi Hawass, fracture bone in the left thigh, which has long been linked to the theory of assassination as a result of a broken femur he suffered Tutankhamun before his death and may be inflammation resulting from the This break may have caused his death.
Showed the analysis of modern also said that the bone roof oral cavity of Tutankhamun was not complete and the length of the stature of Tutankhamun 170 cm and the length accidental skull larger than the length of natural prompting with some suggestion disease Marfan's syndrome Marfan's syndrome as a cause of premature death and this case genetic transmitted by autosomal dominant genes.
The final report of the Group of archaeologists of Egypt that the cause of death was blood poisoning as a result fracture in the femur in which he was Tutankhamun, which led to Alگanگran Gangrene which is a cell death and tissue degradation as a result secretion of enzymes from the muscles of dead due to lack of oxygen to it through the blood .
Before this report, there have been attempts to determine the cause of death using the X-ray X-rays on the mummy of Tutankhamun at the University of Liverpool and the University of Michigan in 1968 and 1978, respectively, and reached two universities to the discovery of a spot dark under the skull of Tutankhamun from the back, which was interpreted Knsep in brain, leading to the spread of the hypothesis that he had received a blow to the head led to bleeding in the brain and death.
In a study published in March 2010 showed that the cause of death of Tutankhamun is suffering from malaria and complications from a broken leg, the study also pointed to the existence of some genetic diseases caused by inherited genetic disorder in the family.





The discovery of the tomb of TutankhamunValley of the Kings
The so-called Valley of the Kings, located on the west bank of the River Nile near Thebes for a period of 450 years during the reign of the modern state from the date of the ancient Egyptians, which lasted of 1539 to 1075 BC as a tomb for the pharaoh of this period where there is in this valley rock which has an area of ​​approximately 20,000 square meters 27 royal tombs belonging to three families of the Egyptian family eighteenth and nineteenth Egyptian family and twenty Egyptian family was discovered to this day.
Believed that the Valley has at least another 30 graves had not been discovered yet. Graves discovered in the Valley of the Kings so far and in chronological order for the rule of the pharaohs back to Thutmose I and Omnhotپ II and Tutankhamun and Horemheb are from the Egyptian family of eighteen, Ramses I, Seti I, Ramses II and Aminmcis and the City II and Sptah they are from the Egyptian family nineteen and six Nachta, Ramses III and Ramses IV , Ramses V and Ramses IX of the Egyptian family who are twenty. There are other graves of the Pharaohs are still unknown attempts are under way to knowledge.
The construction of the tomb of the pharaoh usually begins after the day of his inauguration Pharaoh of Egypt and the construction takes at most tens of years and the workers were using simple tools such as ax to dig grooves long and the formation of small rooms in the valley and over time there were tombs built over the graves of the other was the construction of tunnels and canyons of new lead mostly to the blockage of corridors leading to the tomb of the pharaoh older, the lack of systematic planning this was the main reason that led to the survival of these treasures and not exposed to the theft of thousands of years.The main shrine of the tomb of Tutankhamun
On November 4, 1922 when he was an archaeologist and specialist in the history of ancient Egypt, the British Howard Carter, the excavations at the entrance to the tunnel leading to the tomb of Ramses VI in the Valley of Kings noticed a cellar large and continued exploration flour to be entered into the room, which includes the tomb of Tutankhamun was on the walls of the room which contains the shrine fees great tell in the form of pictures the story of the departure of Tutankhamun to the world of the dead, and the scene was very good for the world of Howard Carter, who was seen to the room through a hole in his hand a candle and said to his assistant asked, "Can you see anything?" Fjaoppe Carter "Yes, I see great things."
On February 16, 1923 Howard Carter (1874-1939) was the first man since more than 3000 years set foot in the land of his room containing the ark of Tutankhamun. Note Carter and a wooden box with patterns inlaid with gold in the center of the room and when he raised the fund noted that the fund was covering second fund decorated with carvings inlaid with gold and when you lift the second fund noted that the second box was covering a fund Third restaurant with gold and when you raise third fund Carter arrived to the sarcophagus which was covered with a thick layer of stone carved in the form of a statue of Tutankhamun, and when rising to this cover stone Carter to Altabutalzhba principal who was in the form of a statue of Tutankhamun was the golden coffin covered coffins as Gold others in the form of statues of the Pharaoh, the young man. Met with Howard difficulty in lifting the shroud Golden III, who was covering the mummy of Tutankhamun for the mummy consider Carter to put the shroud to the heat of the sun summer Egypt sweltering would be enough to separate the shroud golden mummy, but his attempts failed and was forced at last to cut the shroud golden in half to reach the mummy who was wrapped in layers of silk, after the removal of the shroud is made of cloth found the mummy of Tutankhamun in full finery of necklaces, rings and the crown and sticks and were all of pure gold, to remove these artifacts had excavation team to the separation of the skull and bones of major joints and after the removal of jewelery re-team installation structure bone of the mummy and placed in a wooden coffin.


Show MummyHoldings of the tomb of Tutankhamun
In February 2010 decided to allow the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism introduced the Pharaonic mummy of King Tutankhamun, the young man to the public for the first time since the discovery with her mausoleum in the golden city of Luxor 85 years ago [2].
The director of the Egyptian Antiquities Zahi Hawass as saying that Egyptian scientists began more than two years before the restoration of the mummy of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, which was seriously damaged after graduation for a brief period of the stone coffin when subjected to CT scans [3]. He added that the greater part of the body of the mummy fragmented into 18 pieces look like stones crashed parts when discovered by British archaeologist Howard Carter first time, and directed from the grave and tried to remove the gold mask which covered the face of King Tutankhamun and pointed out that the mystery that surrounded Tutankhamun and his tomb Golden raised the curiosity and enthusiasm of the fans since the studies of ancient Egyptian mummy revealed Carter site in the November 4, 1922, and what was in store of the treasures of gold and precious stones.
Scientists had been driven out mummy "Tutankhamun" from the grave and placed them on the table CT advanced to a quarter of an hour in 2005 in order to obtain three-dimensional image of the mummy older than 3000 years. And has excluded the results of medical examination to be young pharaoh had died were killed, but could not determine the precise method of his death which occurred in the year 1323 BC. I discovered that the image of King Tutankhamen suffered a fracture in his left thigh, caused by an accident more likely, led to his later deadly disease can not be determined. It also provided the images in the time an account of an unprecedented about the life of young pharaoh, who is one of the most famous kings of ancient Egypt, of which he was healthy because of good nutrition, despite the relatively transform its structure does not exceed 170 centimeters tall when he died
Attempts to find out the mystery of his death
On 17 February 2010, announced Zahi Hawass, Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities in Garden news conference, Egyptian Museum, a group of scientific discoveries that solve many of the mysteries of the ends of the Eighteenth Dynasty, including the mystery of the death of Tutankhamun, Fbthalil DNA of the mummy of King Tut The results showed that the cause of death due to malaria parasite, it is likely that complications due to sharply about the disease led to his death, also revealed that DNA analysis and CT scans of the mummy of Tutankhamun, Akhenaten, King is the father of King Tut. The results also revealed that the genetic diseases and genetic played a role in the death of Tutankhamun, where he was suffering from a genetic defect inherited in the family and there was a weakness and illness in these mummies, and problems related to heart and blood vessels. When the researchers conducted a survey of the mummy of Tutankhamun, they found his many diseases such as Bahdodab in his spine, as well as distort the big toe, which led to the atrophy in his left foot.
Hawass said that the old graphics depicting Tutankhamun he fires arrows, while sitting in a horse-drawn cart, and not while standing, which is unusual .. In his grave, we found a 100 stick for walking, at first we thought it represents authority and power, but it turns out she was using crutches old, he was barely able to walk and walk. "
He also explained the senses to the survey computed for the mummy in 2005 was designed to ascertain that he had been killed, because the images previous X-ray revealed a hole in his skull, he said, adding that it shows that this hole was in the process of mummification, but it was discovered breaking in the left leg bone, may have a role in the death of young pharaoh.




Importance of the treasures of Tutankhamun
The importance of a set of King Tutankhamun to many reasons; First, the treasure of King Tutankhamun is the most complete treasure royal was found not unprecedented, as it consists of three hundred and fifty-eight pieces, including the golden mask wonderful and the three coffins in the form of rights, one of pure gold and the other two of gilded wood. Second, that the luggage back to the family of eighteen months and brighter ages of the modern state, where the regions of the country opened up the ancient Near East through military campaigns and trade relations of the export and import of resources and manufactured products and the activity of the people of crafts and artists. Finally; that such an array may have been in Egypt, and shows how grave was the royal equipped and is there luggage everyday life dolls and toys, then a set of furniture complete, tools, and military equipment, and statues of the gods concerning the burial of the king and lead him from the ritual, and with the trumpet of Tutankhamen famous made of silver and another of copper, and all this content now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Fourth, from this treasure, or an array to identify the lot of the life of the king and his love of hunting and its relationship to his wife "Ankh teeth of Amun", which is believed to be his relative, as well as to know the most important work and his entourage, and finally the throne only one who reached us from the civilization of the ancient Egyptians.


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